An mRNA vaccine is a vaccine that uses a copy of a molecule called messenger RNA (mRNA) to generate an immune response. [1] The vaccine delivers antigen-encoding mRNA molecules into immune cells, which use the designed mRNA as a blueprint to build foreign proteins normally produced by pathogens such

The goal of vaccines is to stimulate the adaptive immune system to produce antibodies that are precisely directed against specific pathogens. The markers on the pathogens that the antibodies target are called antigens. [48]Traditional vaccines stimulate antibody responses by injecting the antigen, a